Rugby: Preconditioning Strategy
By Adriano Vretaros - 17\02\2019
✍ The term preconditioning refers to the use of a load preceding some subsequent activity, thus seeking to improve performance.
✍ Perhaps, it deserves attention the fact that the preconditioning in my opinion is not a warm-up, but rather a delayed potentiation activity for later performance gains.
✍ Even because in the studies before performing the preconditioning is done a warm-up by the athletes.
✍ It is difficult to clearly define the term preconditioning.
✍ In fact, if we want to create a simple definition for preconditioning it would be: an acute activity that precedes and assists in the performance of a subsequent motor task.
✍ Different preconditioning activities can and should be employed before training and or games ( Kilduff et al, 2013).
✍ In preconditioning activity, training involving strength and power is used for a more effective posterior neuromuscular activation (Germano et al, 2017).
✍ Also, in the scientific literature, metabolic preconditioning is mentioned (Birnbaumer et al, 2018).
✍ In addition, acute static stretching of the antagonist musculature was employed as a preconditioning condition in one study (Mason, 2016).
✍ Ischemic preconditioning has been employed in some scientific research (Marocolo et al, 2015 ; Marocolo et al, 2016).
✍ Vibrational training with different frequencies is another method of preconditioning strategy (Ronnestad, 2011).
✍ Yilmaz et al (2018) in a more comprehensive view, reports some types of preconditioning activities: 1)- morning resistance exercise, 2)- ischemic preconditioning, 3)- active warm-up, 4)- hormonal preconditioning, 5)- post-activation potentiation, and 6)- whole-body vibration.
✍ This immediately resembles the phenomenon of post-activation potentiation (PAP).
✍ The PPA can be considered a physiological neuromuscular mechanism that through the contraction regimes (concentric or isometric) activates the fast muscle fibers for a better final use of the power output.
✍ Factors that can positively or negatively influence the application of PPA in an athlete: fatigue, conditioning contraction volume, conditioning contraction type, muscular strength, fiber type, training level, power strength ratio, among others (Mason, 2016 ; Germano et al, 2017).
✍ However, it is worth remembering that the PPA is triggered in most cases in a not too long time interval.
✍ In some studies involving preconditioning, the time interval is sometimes a little longer. For example, in observed research, preconditioning is activated in the morning and the search for results is in the afternoon. The lapse of time revolves around 4–6 hours before the main event (Yilmaz et al, 2018).
✍ McGowan et al (2017) found that swimming sessions or swimming and resistance training in the morning period are effective to enable the performance after six hours.
✍ In professional rugby players, a series of different morning preconditioning interventions (8:00 AM) improved athletes' performance in the afternoon (14:00 PM). Among the preconditioning approaches used in the study, we can mention: strength training, running, and cycling (Russel et al, 2016).
✍ In another research of rugby players, a strength training session in the morning (9h00 am) showed positive effects on physical performance in the afternoon (15h00 pm). The tests used were: 3RM back squat, 3RM bench press, 40-m sprint, and CMJ (Cook et al, 2014).
✍ Mason (2016) used as activities to evaluate performance in vertical jump, four conditions: acute static stretching, preconditioning exercise, combined treatment of static stretching and a preconditioning exercise and control group. The combined acute static stretch and preconditioning exercise provided the best performances of muscle power.
✍ In kickboxer fighters, Yilmaz et al (2018) found positive results in isokinetic strength through a combination of preconditioning strategies.
✍ The term preconditioning refers to the use of a load preceding some subsequent activity, thus seeking to improve performance.
✍ Perhaps, it deserves attention the fact that the preconditioning in my opinion is not a warm-up, but rather a delayed potentiation activity for later performance gains.
✍ Even because in the studies before performing the preconditioning is done a warm-up by the athletes.
✍ It is difficult to clearly define the term preconditioning.
✍ In fact, if we want to create a simple definition for preconditioning it would be: an acute activity that precedes and assists in the performance of a subsequent motor task.
✍ Different preconditioning activities can and should be employed before training and or games ( Kilduff et al, 2013).
✍ Also, in the scientific literature, metabolic preconditioning is mentioned (Birnbaumer et al, 2018).
✍ In addition, acute static stretching of the antagonist musculature was employed as a preconditioning condition in one study (Mason, 2016).
✍ Ischemic preconditioning has been employed in some scientific research (Marocolo et al, 2015 ; Marocolo et al, 2016).
✍ Vibrational training with different frequencies is another method of preconditioning strategy (Ronnestad, 2011).
✍ Yilmaz et al (2018) in a more comprehensive view, reports some types of preconditioning activities: 1)- morning resistance exercise, 2)- ischemic preconditioning, 3)- active warm-up, 4)- hormonal preconditioning, 5)- post-activation potentiation, and 6)- whole-body vibration.
✍ This immediately resembles the phenomenon of post-activation potentiation (PAP).
✍ The PPA can be considered a physiological neuromuscular mechanism that through the contraction regimes (concentric or isometric) activates the fast muscle fibers for a better final use of the power output.
✍ Factors that can positively or negatively influence the application of PPA in an athlete: fatigue, conditioning contraction volume, conditioning contraction type, muscular strength, fiber type, training level, power strength ratio, among others (Mason, 2016 ; Germano et al, 2017).
✍ However, it is worth remembering that the PPA is triggered in most cases in a not too long time interval.
✍ In some studies involving preconditioning, the time interval is sometimes a little longer. For example, in observed research, preconditioning is activated in the morning and the search for results is in the afternoon. The lapse of time revolves around 4–6 hours before the main event (Yilmaz et al, 2018).
✍ McGowan et al (2017) found that swimming sessions or swimming and resistance training in the morning period are effective to enable the performance after six hours.
✍ In professional rugby players, a series of different morning preconditioning interventions (8:00 AM) improved athletes' performance in the afternoon (14:00 PM). Among the preconditioning approaches used in the study, we can mention: strength training, running, and cycling (Russel et al, 2016).
✍ In another research of rugby players, a strength training session in the morning (9h00 am) showed positive effects on physical performance in the afternoon (15h00 pm). The tests used were: 3RM back squat, 3RM bench press, 40-m sprint, and CMJ (Cook et al, 2014).
✍ Mason (2016) used as activities to evaluate performance in vertical jump, four conditions: acute static stretching, preconditioning exercise, combined treatment of static stretching and a preconditioning exercise and control group. The combined acute static stretch and preconditioning exercise provided the best performances of muscle power.
✍ In kickboxer fighters, Yilmaz et al (2018) found positive results in isokinetic strength through a combination of preconditioning strategies.
✍ In relation to ischemic preconditioning, the great majority of the research was performed with recreational athletes and few studies were developed with high level athletes (Marocolo et al, 2016).
✍ The same researchers cite some of the variables that interfere in the use of the isquemic preconditioning technique: the duration of the tourniquet, the intensity of the required workload, and the duration of the interval between the end of the ischemia and the beginning of the work.
✍ Jean-ST-Michel (2011) found improvements in the performance of elite swimmers submitted to ischemic preconditioning. The experimental protocol consisted of seven sequential sprints of 200 meters of swimming.
✍ The same researchers cite some of the variables that interfere in the use of the isquemic preconditioning technique: the duration of the tourniquet, the intensity of the required workload, and the duration of the interval between the end of the ischemia and the beginning of the work.
✍ Jean-ST-Michel (2011) found improvements in the performance of elite swimmers submitted to ischemic preconditioning. The experimental protocol consisted of seven sequential sprints of 200 meters of swimming.
✍ Bredeweg et al (2012) used a four-week preconditioning program (with walking and hopping exercises) to reduce injuries in runners. No significant results were found in the reduction of lesions.
✍ In the study by Dollard et al (2006), the authors suggest that the principles of preconditioning would be interesting to prevent injury in adolescents and children involved with the sport.
✍ Then I found an article assessing the effect of preconditioning on elite rugby players undergoing a protocol of six 30-meter sprints.
✅ The infographic was adapted from Marrier et al (2018). Preconditioning strategy in rugby-7s players: beneficial or detrimental? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 01-26.
✅ See FIGURE Below
#Rugby, #Preconditioning #StrengthandConditioning #Sports, #SportsTraining #Athletes #Fitness #Conditioning #PhysicalPreparation #SportsPerformance #FunctionalTraining #SportsScience #SpeedTraining
#Rugby, #Preconditioning #StrengthandConditioning #Sports, #SportsTraining #Athletes #Fitness #Conditioning #PhysicalPreparation #SportsPerformance #FunctionalTraining #SportsScience #SpeedTraining
✅ REFERENCES
✍ Bailey et al (2012). Effect of ischemic preconditioning on lactate accumulation and running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44 (11); 2084-2089.
✍ Birnbaumer et al (2018). Performance enhancing effect of metabolic pre-conditioning on upper-body strength-endurance exercise. Frontiers in Physiology, 09; 963.
✍ Bredeweg et al (2012). The effectiveness of a preconditioning programme on preventing running-related injuries in novice runners: a randomised controlled trial. Sports Medicine, 46 (12); 865-870.
✍ Cook et al (2012). The effects of different pre-game motivational interventions on athlete free hormonal state and subsequent performance in professional rugby union matches. Physiology and Behavior, 106 (05); 683-688.
✍ Cook et al (2014). Morning based strength training improves afternoon physical performance in rugby union players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17 (03); 317-321.
✍ Crewther et al (2009). Neuromuscular performance of elite rugby union players and relationships with salivary hormones. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23 (07); 2046-2056.
✍ Crewther et al (2012). Relationships between salivary free testosterone and the expression of force and power in elite athletes. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 52; 221-227.
✍ Dollard et al (2006). Preconditioning principles for preventing sports injuries in adolescents and children. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 23 (01); 191-207.
✍ Ekstrand et al (2013). Assessing explosive power production using the backward overhead shot throw and the effects of morning resistance exercise on afternoon performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27 (01); 101-106.
✍ Germano et al (2017). Effect of different preconditioning activities on repeated sprint ability in professional handball players. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 20 (03); 141-155.
✍ Guignard et al (1980). Circadian rhytms in plasma levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone δ4-androstenedione, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone of healthy young men. European Journal of Endocrinology, 94 (04), 536-545.
✍ Jean-St-Michel et al (2011). Renote preconditioning improves maximal performance in highly trained athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43 (07); 1280-1286.
✍ Kilduff et al (2013). Preconditioning strategies to enhance physical performance on the day of competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 08 (06); 677-681.
✍ Marrier et al (2018). Preconditioning strategy in rugby-7s players: beneficial or detrimental? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 01-26.
✍ Marocolo et al (2015). Are the benefitial effects of ischemic preconditioning on performance partly a placebo effect. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36 (10); 822-825.
✍ Marocolo et al (2016). Myths and facts about the effects of ischemic preconditioning on performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37 (02); 87-96.
✍ Mason, MR (2016). Static stretching and preconditioning exercise augments power output in recreational athletes. Master's Thesis in Science at the University of Kentucky; Lexington, Kentucky.
✍ McGowan et al (2017). Morning exercise: enhance of afternoon sprint-swimming performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12 (05); 605-611.
✍ Ronnestad & Ellefsen (2011). The effects of adding different whole-body vibration frequencies to preconditioning exercise exercise on subsequent sprint performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25 (12); 3306-3310.
✍ Russell et al (2016). A comparison of different modes of morning priming exercise on afternoon performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11 (06); 763-767.
✍ Thompson, K (2017). Investigating the ergogenic potential of ischemic preconditioning and resisted running on sprint performance. Master's Thesis in Science - Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph - Ontario, Canada.
✍ Viru & Viru (2005). Preconditioning of the performance in power events by endogenous testosterone in memory of Professor Carmelo Bosco. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19 (01); 06.
✍ Yilmaz et al (2018). The effect of combined preconditioning strategies on isokinetic strength in well trained kickboxers. Physical Education of Students, 22 (05); 278-284.
✅ My BLOG: https://adrianovretaros.blogspot.com/
✍ Bailey et al (2012). Effect of ischemic preconditioning on lactate accumulation and running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44 (11); 2084-2089.
✍ Birnbaumer et al (2018). Performance enhancing effect of metabolic pre-conditioning on upper-body strength-endurance exercise. Frontiers in Physiology, 09; 963.
✍ Bredeweg et al (2012). The effectiveness of a preconditioning programme on preventing running-related injuries in novice runners: a randomised controlled trial. Sports Medicine, 46 (12); 865-870.
✍ Cook et al (2012). The effects of different pre-game motivational interventions on athlete free hormonal state and subsequent performance in professional rugby union matches. Physiology and Behavior, 106 (05); 683-688.
✍ Cook et al (2014). Morning based strength training improves afternoon physical performance in rugby union players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17 (03); 317-321.
✍ Crewther et al (2009). Neuromuscular performance of elite rugby union players and relationships with salivary hormones. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23 (07); 2046-2056.
✍ Crewther et al (2012). Relationships between salivary free testosterone and the expression of force and power in elite athletes. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 52; 221-227.
✍ Dollard et al (2006). Preconditioning principles for preventing sports injuries in adolescents and children. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 23 (01); 191-207.
✍ Ekstrand et al (2013). Assessing explosive power production using the backward overhead shot throw and the effects of morning resistance exercise on afternoon performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27 (01); 101-106.
✍ Germano et al (2017). Effect of different preconditioning activities on repeated sprint ability in professional handball players. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 20 (03); 141-155.
✍ Guignard et al (1980). Circadian rhytms in plasma levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone δ4-androstenedione, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone of healthy young men. European Journal of Endocrinology, 94 (04), 536-545.
✍ Jean-St-Michel et al (2011). Renote preconditioning improves maximal performance in highly trained athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43 (07); 1280-1286.
✍ Kilduff et al (2013). Preconditioning strategies to enhance physical performance on the day of competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 08 (06); 677-681.
✍ Marrier et al (2018). Preconditioning strategy in rugby-7s players: beneficial or detrimental? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 01-26.
✍ Marocolo et al (2015). Are the benefitial effects of ischemic preconditioning on performance partly a placebo effect. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36 (10); 822-825.
✍ Marocolo et al (2016). Myths and facts about the effects of ischemic preconditioning on performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37 (02); 87-96.
✍ Mason, MR (2016). Static stretching and preconditioning exercise augments power output in recreational athletes. Master's Thesis in Science at the University of Kentucky; Lexington, Kentucky.
✍ McGowan et al (2017). Morning exercise: enhance of afternoon sprint-swimming performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12 (05); 605-611.
✍ Ronnestad & Ellefsen (2011). The effects of adding different whole-body vibration frequencies to preconditioning exercise exercise on subsequent sprint performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25 (12); 3306-3310.
✍ Russell et al (2016). A comparison of different modes of morning priming exercise on afternoon performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11 (06); 763-767.
✍ Thompson, K (2017). Investigating the ergogenic potential of ischemic preconditioning and resisted running on sprint performance. Master's Thesis in Science - Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph - Ontario, Canada.
✍ Viru & Viru (2005). Preconditioning of the performance in power events by endogenous testosterone in memory of Professor Carmelo Bosco. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19 (01); 06.
✍ Yilmaz et al (2018). The effect of combined preconditioning strategies on isokinetic strength in well trained kickboxers. Physical Education of Students, 22 (05); 278-284.
✅ My BLOG: https://adrianovretaros.blogspot.com/
0 Comments